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Malabsorption

Digestive systemDigestive system
Cystic fibrosisCystic fibrosis
Digestive system o...Digestive system organs

Definition

Malabsorption involves problems with the body's ability to take in (absorb) nutrients from food.

Causes

Many diseases can cause malabsorption. Most often, malabsorption involves problems absorbing certain sugars, fats, proteins, or vitamins. It can also involve an overall problem with absorbing food.

Problems or damage to the small intestine that may lead to problems absorbing important nutrients. These include:

Celiac disease
Tropical sprue
Crohn disease
Whipple disease
Damage from radiation treatments
Overgrowth of bacteria in the small bowel
Parasite or tapeworm infection
Surgery that removes all or part of the small intestine

Enzymes produced by the pancreas help absorb fats and other nutrients. A decrease of these enzymes makes it harder to absorb fats and certain nutrients. Problems with the pancreas may be caused by:

Cystic fibrosis
Infections or swelling of the pancreas
Trauma to the pancreas
Surgery to remove part of the pancreas

Some of the other causes of malabsorption include:

AIDS and HIV
Certain medicines (tetracycline, some antacids, some medicines used to treat obesity, colchicine, acarbose, phenytoin, cholestyramine)
Gastrectomy and surgical treatments for obesity
Cholestasis
Chronic liver disease
Cow's milk protein intolerance
Soy milk protein intolerance

Symptoms

In children, current weight or rate of weight gain is often much lower than that of other children of similar age and sex. This is called failure to thrive. The child may not grow and develop normally.

Adults may also have failure to thrive, with weight loss, muscle wasting, weakness, and even problems thinking.

Changes in the stools are often present, but not always.

Changes in the stools may include:

Bloating, cramping, and gas
Bulky stools
Chronic diarrhea
Fatty stools (steatorrhea)

Exams and Tests

Your health care provider will do an exam. Tests that may be done include:

Blood and urine tests
CT scan of the abdomen
Hydrogen breath test
MR or CT enterography
Schilling test for vitamin B12 deficiency
Secretin stimulation test
Small bowel biopsy
Stool culture or culture of small intestine aspirate
Stool fat testing
X-rays of the small bowel or other imaging tests

Treatment

Treatment depends on the cause and is aimed at relieving symptoms and ensuring the body receives enough nutrients.

A high-calorie diet may be tried. It should supply:

Key vitamins and minerals, such as iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12
Enough carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

If needed, injections of some vitamins and minerals or special growth factors will be given. Those with damage to the pancreas may need to take pancreatic enzymes. Your provider will prescribe these if necessary.

Medicines to slow down the normal movement of the intestine can be tried. This may allow food to remain in the intestine longer.

If the body is not able to absorb enough nutrients, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is tried. It will help you or your child get nutrition from a special formula through a vein in the body. Your provider will select the right amount of calories and TPN solution. Sometimes, you can also eat and drink while getting nutrition from TPN.

Outlook (Prognosis)

The outlook depends on what is causing the malabsorption.

Possible Complications

Long-term malabsorption can result in:

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Contact your provider if you have symptoms of malabsorption.

Prevention

Prevention depends on the condition causing malabsorption.

References

Högenauer C, Hammer HF. Maldigestion and malabsorption. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 104.

Semrad CE. Approach to the patient with diarrhea and malabsorption. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 131.

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Review Date: 5/6/2022

Reviewed By: Michael M. Phillips, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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