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Beriberi

Thiamine deficiency; Vitamin B1 deficiency

Definition

Beriberi is a disease in which the body does not have enough thiamine (vitamin B1).

Causes

There are two major types of beriberi:

Wet beriberi: Affects the cardiovascular system.
Dry beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: Affects the nervous system.

Beriberi is rare in the United States. This is because most foods are now vitamin enriched. If you eat a normal, healthy diet, you should get enough thiamine. Today, beriberi occurs mostly in people who abuse alcohol. Drinking heavily can lead to poor nutrition. Excess alcohol makes it harder for the body to absorb and store vitamin B1.

In rare cases, beriberi can be genetic. This condition is passed down through families. People with this condition lose the ability to absorb thiamine from foods. This can happen slowly over time. The symptoms occur when the person is an adult. However, this diagnosis is often missed. This is because health care providers may not consider beriberi in nonalcoholics.

Beriberi can occur in infants when they are:

Breastfed and the mother's body is lacking in thiamine
Fed unusual formulas that don't have enough thiamine

Some medical treatments that can raise your risk of beriberi are:

Getting dialysis
Taking high doses of diuretics (water pills)

Symptoms

Symptoms of dry beriberi include:

Difficulty walking
Loss of feeling (sensation) in hands and feet
Loss of muscle function or paralysis of the lower legs
Mental confusion
Pain
Speech difficulties
Strange eye movements (nystagmus)
Tingling
Vomiting

Symptoms of wet beriberi include:

Awakening at night short of breath
Increased heart rate
Shortness of breath with activity
Swelling of the lower legs

Exams and Tests

A physical examination may show signs of congestive heart failure, including:

Difficulty breathing, with neck veins that stick out
Enlarged heart
Fluid in the lungs
Rapid heartbeat
Swelling in both lower legs

A person with late-stage beriberi may be confused or have memory loss and delusions. The person may be less able to sense vibrations.

A neurological exam may show signs of:

Changes in walking
Coordination problems
Decreased reflexes
Drooping of the eyelids

The following tests may be done:

Blood tests to measure the amount of thiamine in the blood
Urine tests to see if thiamine is passing through the urine

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to replace the thiamine your body is lacking. This is done with thiamine supplements. Thiamine supplements are given through a shot (injection) or taken by mouth.

Your provider may also suggest other types of vitamins.

Blood tests may be repeated after the treatment is started. These tests will show how well you are responding to the medicine.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Untreated, beriberi can be fatal. With treatment, symptoms usually improve quickly.

Heart damage is usually reversible. A full recovery is expected in these cases. However, if acute heart failure has already occurred, the outlook is poor.

Nervous system damage is also reversible, if caught early. If it is not caught early, some symptoms (such as memory loss or confusion) may remain, even with treatment.

If a person with Wernicke encephalopathy receives thiamine replacement, language problems, unusual eye movements, and walking difficulties may go away. However, Korsakoff syndrome (or Korsakoff psychosis) tends to develop as Wernicke symptoms go away.

Possible Complications

Complications may include:

Coma
Congestive heart failure
Death
Psychosis

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Beriberi is extremely rare in the United States. However, contact your provider if:

You feel your family's diet is inadequate or poorly balanced
You or your children have any symptoms of beriberi

Prevention

Eating a proper diet that is rich in vitamins will prevent beriberi. Nursing mothers should make sure that their diet contains all vitamins. If your infant is not breastfed, make sure that the infant formula contains thiamine.

If you drink heavily, try to cut down or quit. Also, take B vitamins to make sure your body is properly absorbing and storing thiamine.

References

Koppel BS. Nutritional and alcohol-related neurologic disorders. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 388.

Sachdev HPS, Shah D. Vitamin B complex deficiency and excess. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 62.

So YT. Deficiency diseases of the nervous system. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ, eds. Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 85.

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Review Date: 8/15/2022

Reviewed By: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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