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Definition

Insomnia is trouble falling asleep, staying asleep (usually through the night), or waking up too early in the morning.

Episodes of insomnia may come and go or be long-lasting.

The quality of your sleep is as important as how much sleep you get.

Causes

Sleep habits we learned as children may affect our sleep behaviors as adults. Poor sleep or lifestyle habits that may cause insomnia or make it worse include:

• Going to bed at a different time each night
• Daytime napping
• Poor sleeping environment, such as too much noise or light
• Spending too much time in bed while awake
• Working evenings or night shifts
• Not getting enough exercise
• Using the television, computer, or a mobile device in bed

The use of some medicines and substances may also affect sleep, including:

• Alcohol or other substances
• Heavy smoking
• Too much caffeine throughout the day or consuming caffeine late in the day
• Getting used to certain types of sleep medicines
• Some cold medicines and diet pills
• Other medicines, herbs, or supplements

Physical, social, and mental health issues can affect sleep patterns, including:

• Bipolar disorder.
• Feeling sad or depressed. (Often, insomnia is the symptom that causes people with depression to seek medical help.)
• Stress and anxiety, whether it is short-term or long-term. For some people, the stress and anxiety caused by insomnia makes it even harder to fall asleep.

Health problems may also lead to problems sleeping and insomnia:

• Pregnancy
• Physical pain or discomfort.
• Waking up at night to use the bathroom, common in men with enlarged prostate
• Sleep apnea

With age, sleep patterns tend to change. Many people find that aging causes them to have a harder time falling asleep, and that they wake up more often.

Symptoms

The most common complaints or symptoms in people with insomnia are:

• Trouble falling asleep on most nights
• Feeling tired during the day or falling asleep during the day
• Not feeling refreshed when you wake up
• Waking up several times during sleep

People who have insomnia are sometimes consumed by the thought of getting enough sleep. But the more they try to sleep, the more frustrated and upset they get, and the harder sleep becomes.

Lack of restful sleep can:

• Make you tired and unfocused, so it is hard to do daily activities.
• Put you at risk for auto accidents. If you are driving and feel sleepy, pull over and take a break.

Exams and Tests

Your health care provider will do a physical exam and ask about your current medicines, drug and substance use, and medical history. Usually, these are the only methods needed to diagnose insomnia.

Treatment

Different people have different sleep needs. Some people do fine on 6 hours of sleep a night. Others only do well if they get 10 to 11 hours of sleep a night. Research indicates that adults should get 7 to 9 hours sleep per night.

Treatment often begins by reviewing any medicines or health problems that may be causing or worsen insomnia, such as:

• Enlarged prostate gland or any other medical condition, causing men to wake up at night to urinate
• Pain or discomfort from muscle, joint, or nerve disorders, such as arthritis and Parkinson disease
• Other medical conditions, such as acid reflux, allergies, and thyroid problems
• Mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety

You should also think about lifestyle and sleep habits that may affect your sleep. This is called sleep hygiene. Making some changes in your sleep habits may improve or solve your insomnia.

Some people may need medicines to help with sleep for a short period of time. But in the long run, making changes in your lifestyle and sleep habits is the best treatment for problems with falling and staying asleep.

• Most over-the-counter (OTC) sleeping pills contain antihistamines. These medicines are commonly used to treat allergies. Your body quickly becomes used to them.
• Sleep medicines called hypnotics can be prescribed by your provider to help reduce the time it takes you to fall asleep. Most of these can become habit-forming.
• Medicines used to treat anxiety or depression can also help with sleep

Different methods of talk therapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), may help you gain control over anxiety or depression.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Most people are able to sleep by practicing good sleep hygiene.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Contact your provider if insomnia has become a problem.

References

Anderson KN. Insomnia and cognitive behavioural therapy-how to assess your patient and why it should be a standard part of care. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10(Suppl 1):S94-S102. PMID: 29445533 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29445533/.

Avidan AY. Sleep and its disorders. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ eds. Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 101.

Vaughn BV, Basner RC. Sleep disorders. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 374.

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